Cellular Planning and Optimization for 4G and 5G Mobile Networks

Cellular planning and optimization of mobile heterogeneous networks has been a topic of study for several decades with a diversity of resources, such as analytical formulations and simulation software being employed to characterize different scenarios with the aim of improving system capacity. Furthermore, the world has now witnessed the birth of the first commercial 5G New Radio networks with a technology that was developed to ensure the delivery of much higher data rates with comparably lower levels of latency. In the challenging scenarios of 4G and beyond, Carrier Aggregation has been proposed as a resource to allow enhancements in coverage and capacity. Another key element to ensure the success of 4G and 5G networks is the deployment of Small Cells to offload Macrocells. In this context, this MSc dissertation explores Small Cells deployment via an analytical formulation, where metrics such as Carrier plus Noise Interference Ratio, and physical and supported throughput are computed to evaluate the system´s capacity under different configurations regarding interferers positioning in a scenario where Spectrum Sharing is explored as a solution to deal with the scarcity of spectrum. One also uses the results of this analyses to propose a cost/revenue optimization where deployment costs are estimated and evaluated as well as the revenue considering the supported throughput obtained for the three frequency bands studied, i.e., 2.6 GHz, 3.5 GHz and 5.62 GHz. Results show that, for a project life time of 5 years, and prices for the traffic of order of 5€ per 1 GB, the system is profitable for all three frequency bands, for distances up to 1335 m. Carrier Aggregation is also investigated, in a scenario where the LTE-Sim packet level simulator is used to evaluate the use of this approach while considering the use of two frequency bands i.e., 2.6 GHz and 800 MHz to perform the aggregation with the scheduling of packets being performed via an integrated common radio resource management used to compute Packet Loss Ratio, delay and goodput under different scenarios of number of users and cell radius. Results of this analysis have been compared to a scenario without Carrier Aggregation and it has been demonstrated that CA is able to enhance capacity by reducing the levels of Packet Loss Ratio and delay, which in turn increases the achievable goodput.O planeamento e otimização de redes de redes celulares heterogéneas tem sido um tópico de investigação por várias décadas com diversas abordagens que incluem formulações analíticas e softwares de simulação, sendo aplicados na caracterização de diferentes cenários, com o objetivo de melhorar a capacidade de sistema. Além disso, o mundo testemunhou o nascimento das primeiras redes 5G New Radio, com uma tecnologia que foi desenvolvida com o objetivo de garantir taxas de transferência de dados muito superiores, com níveis de latência comparativamente inferiores. Neste cenário de desafios pós-4G, a agregação de Espectro tem sido proposta como uma solução para permitir melhorias na cobertura e capacidade do sistema. Outro ponto para garantir o sucesso das redes 5G é a utilização de Pequenas Células para descongestionar as Macro células. Neste contexto, esta dissertação de mestrado explora a utilização de Pequenas Células através de uma formulação analítica, onde se avaliam métricas como a relação portadora-interferência-mais-ruído, débito binário e débito binário suportado, sob diferentes configurações de posicionamento de interferentes em cenários onde a partilha de espectro é explorada como uma solução para enfrentar a escassez de espectro. Os resultados dessa análise são também considerados para propor uma otimização de custos/proveitos, onde os custos de implantação são estimados e avaliados, assim como os proveitos ao se considerar o débito binário suportado obtido para as três bandas de frequência em estudo, a saber, 2.6 GHz, 3.5 GHz e 5.62 GHz. Os resultados demonstram que, para um tempo de vida do projeto de 5 anos, e para preços de tráfego de cerca de 5 € por GB, o sistema é lucrativo para as três bandas de frequência, para distâncias até 1335 m. Também se investiga a agregação de espectro recorrendo ao simulador de pacotes LTE-Sim para avaliar o uso de duas bandas de frequência, a saber, 2.6 GHz e 800 MHz, considerando agregação com a calendarização de pacotes por meio de um gestor comum de recursos de rádio integrado, utilizado para computar a taxa de perda de pacotes, o atraso e o débito binário na camada de aplicação, em cenários com diferentes valores de número de utilizadores e raios das células. Os resultados dessa análise foram comparados com o desempenho de um cenário sem agregação. Foi demonstrado que a agregação é capaz de aumentar a capacidade de sistema, ao reduzir os níveis de perda de pacotes e do atraso, o que por sua vez possibilita a elevação dos níveis de débito binário atingidos

POLÍTICA DE ATENDIMENTO SOCIOEDUCATIVO: CAMINHOS E DESCAMINHOS ENTRE A PROTEÇÃO E A PUNIÇÃO

Resumo Este artigo pretende apresentar o percurso histórico da política de atendimento socioeducativo, bem como os conteúdos e legislações que a embasaram. Em nossa hipótese, o tratamento socioeducativo dispensado aos adolescentes e jovens autores de ato infracional sempre esteve atravessado de uma perspectiva punitiva e repressora, materializada em um controle sociopenal, cuja função se mescla aos interesses hegemônicos do capitalismo. Construído através de pesquisa bibliográfica e documental, e tendo como referência a perspectiva teórica do materialismo histórico, o estudo se aproximou das conclusões conforme as quais a violência tem sido um componente ideológico na história da formação social brasileira e na trajetória da política atendimento socioeducativo e que o Estatuto da Criança e do Adolescente, ainda que apresente descontinuidades com as antigas legislações e políticas não rompeu com o controle sociopenal de adolescentes e jovens marginalizados

The boson peak in structural and orientational glasses of simple alcohols: Specific heat at low temperatures

We review in this work specific-heat experiments, that we have conducted on different hydrogen-bonded glasses during last years. Specifically, we have measured the low-temperature specific heat Cp for a set of glassy alcohols: normal and fully-deuterated ethanol, 1- and 2- propanol, and glycerol. Ethanol exhibits a very interesting polymorphism presenting three different solid phases at low temperature: a fully-ordered (monoclinic) crystal, an orientationally-disordered (cubic) crystal or 'orientational glass', and the ordinary structural glass. By measuring and comparing the low-temperature specific heat of the three phases, in the 'boson peak' range 2-10 K as well as in the tunneling-states range below 1K, we are able to provide a quantitative confirmation that ''glassy behavior'' is not an exclusive property of amorphous solids. On the other hand, propanol is the simplest monoalcohol with two different stereoisomers (1- and 2-propanol), what allows us to study directly the influence of the spatial rearrangement of atoms on the universal properties of glasses. We have measured the specific heat of both isomers, finding a noteworthy quantitative difference between them. Finally, low-temperature specific-heat data of glassy glycerol have also been obtained. Here we propose a simple method based upon the soft-potential model to analyze low-temperature specific-heat measurements, and we use this method for a quantitative comparison of all these data of glassy alcohols and as a stringent test of several universal correlations and scaling laws suggested in the literature. In particular, we find that the interstitialcy model for the boson peak [A. V. Granato, Phys. Rev. Lett. 68 (1992) 974] gives a very good account of the temperature at which the maximum in Cp/T^3 occurs.Comment: 16 pages, 2 figures, Proceedings of the 4th International Discussion Meeting on Relaxations in Complex Systems, Hersonissos (Crete), June 2001. Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids (accepted for publication

On the integrability of the SU(N) Hubbard model

We exhibit explicitly the intertwiner operator for the monodromy matrices of the recent proposed SU(N) Hubbard model [5]. This produces a new family of non-additive R-matrices and generalizes an earlier result by Shastry [2].Comment: 4 page

Algorithm for path recognition in-between tree rows for agricultural wheeled-mobile robots

Machine vision has been widely used in recent years in agriculture, as a tool to promote the automation of processes and increase the levels of productivity. The aim of this work is the development of a path recognition algorithm based on image processing to guide a terrestrial robot in-between tree rows. The proposed algorithm was developed using the software MATLAB, and it uses several image processing operations, such as threshold detection, morphological erosion, histogram equalization and the Hough transform, to find edge lines along tree rows on an image and to create a path to be followed by a mobile robot. To develop the algorithm, a set of images of different types of orchards was used, which made possible the construction of a method capable of identifying paths between trees of different heights and aspects. The algorithm was evaluated using several images with different characteristics of quality and the results showed that the proposed method can successfully detect a path in different types of environments.This study is within the activities of project PrunusBot - Sistema robótico aéreo autónomo de pulverização controlada e previsão de produção frutícola (autonomous unmanned aerial robotic system for controlled spraying and prediction of fruit production), Operation n.º PDR2020-101-031358 (líder), Consortium n.º 340, Initiative n.º 140 promoted by PDR2020 and co-financed by FEADER under the Portugal 2020 initiative.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

A Reasoned Action Approach Assessment of Instructional Youth Swim Safety Messaging

Youth drowning remains a primary cause of injury and death in the United States, particularly within demographic disparities involving: (a) sex, (b) ethnicity, (c) socioeconomic status, and (d) geographic location. Research has examined knowledge acquisition for injury prevention, but little has been done to understand impact on future behavior. This study examined a learn-to-swim and water safety education program using the Reasoned Action Approach to predict future behavior in/around the water. Youth participants ages 5 to 11 at summer camp programs completed a 55-question survey designed to test 7 competencies through the lens of attitudes, intentions, perceived norms, and self-efficacy. Results indicated that several safety messages are not predicted to produce the desired behavior. These include actions related to concepts such as “rescue” and “calling for help”. Information derived from this study calls for researchers and practitioners to examine water safety programs for efficacy as an injury prevention tool

Performance Evaluation of Source Routing Minimum Cost Forwarding Protocol over 6TiSCH Applied to the OpenMote-B Platform

The aim of this work is the development of Source Routing Minimum Cost Forwarding (SRMCF) protocol over IPv6 over the TSCH mode of IEEE 802.15.4e (6TiSCH), evaluating the performance of these protocols for the Internet of Things (IoT). To perform this evaluation, this work is making use of the OpenWSN project platform, which implements IEEE 802.15.4e in an open source environment. The evaluation process is also being done in the most recent version of the OpenMote-B platform. Another goal of this collaboration is to give contribution to the investigation of the applicability of quality of service (QoS) applied to the IEEE 802.15.4e standard. In the present stage of development, the efforts are concentrated on the programming of the required code, and the adaptation of the OpenWSN stack. Once the programming code is implemented, the team will investigate the possibilities to apply quality of service over the stack developed. Next, the team will also investigate the possibilities to explore long range routing techniques using the OpenMote platforms. In this task, we will use xBee, LoraWAN, Raspberry PI and Arduino platforms.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Thermal Fluctuations and Validity of the 1-Loop Effective Potential

We examine the validity of the 1-loop approximation to the effective potential at finite temperatures and present a simple test for its reliability. As an application we study the standard electroweak potential, showing that for a Higgs mass above 70 GeV, and afirly independent of the top mass (with $m_{t} > 90 GeV$, the 1-loop approximation is no longer valid for temperatures in the neighborhood of the critical temperature.Comment: 15 pages , LATEX, 2 figures (not included but available upon request), DART-HEP-92/08 ``REVISED VERSION'

Tamm states and nonlinear surface modes in photonic crystals

We predict the existence of surface gap modes, known as Tamm states for electronic systems, in truncated photonic crystals formed by two types of dielectric rods. We investigate the energy threshold, dispersion, and modal symmetries of the surface modes, and also demonstrate the existence and tunability of nonlinear Tamm states in binary photonic crystals with nonlinear response.Comment: 11 pages, 3 figures, submitted to Optics Communication

Ramsey fringes formation during excitation of topological modes in a Bose-Einstein condensate

The Ramsey fringes formation during the excitation of topological coherent modes of a Bose-Einstein condensate by an external modulating field is considered. The Ramsey fringes appear when a series of pulses of the excitation field is applied. In both Rabi and Ramsey interrogations, there is a shift of the population maximum transfer due to the strong non-linearity present in the system. It is found that the Ramsey pattern itself retains information about the accumulated relative phase between both ground and excited coherent modes.Comment: Latex file, 12 pages, 5 figure